Prześlij tekst
Nr 1(233) (2026)
Artykuły

How to protect and rebuild biodiversity and ecosystems across the European Union? From a sectoral perspective to horizontal challenges – An overviewof EU nature protection law

Jak chronić i odbudowywać różnorodność biologiczną i ekosystemyw Unii Europejskiej? Od perspektywy sektorowej do wyzwań horyzontalnych – spojrzenie na unijne prawo ochrony przyrody

PDF (Angielski)
  • Mariusz Baran
Mariusz Baran
Uniwersytet Jagielloński

Opublikowane 2026-06-30

Słowa kluczowe

  • regulacje dotyczące odbudowy środowiska naturalnego,
  • prawo ochrony przyrody,
  • podejście holistyczne,
  • zintegrowana ochrona różnorodności biologicznej,
  • nature restoration regulation,
  • environmental law,
  • holistic approach,
  • integrated protection of biodiversity
    • ...Więcej
    Less
Creative Commons License

Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe.

Jak cytować

How to protect and rebuild biodiversity and ecosystems across the European Union? From a sectoral perspective to horizontal challenges – An overviewof EU nature protection law: Jak chronić i odbudowywać różnorodność biologiczną i ekosystemyw Unii Europejskiej? Od perspektywy sektorowej do wyzwań horyzontalnych – spojrzenie na unijne prawo ochrony przyrody. (2026). Studia Prawnicze The Legal Studies, 1(233), 7-39. https://doi.org/10.37232/sp.2026a

Abstrakt

The paper analyses the current challenges in protecting and rebuilding biodiversity and ecosystems across the European Union. Its aim is to demonstrate the need to move away from the concept of conservation – which focusses on preserving single elements of nature – towards a holistic approach. Given the need to halt the decline of the natural environment, attention is increasingly directed towards nature restoration. The article then discusses the EU’s Nature Restoration Law, which marks a shift from a sectoral perspective toward addressing  horizontal challenges in EU biodiversity (nature protection) law.

[Celem artykułu jest analiza aktualnych wyzwań związanych z ochroną i odbudową różnorodności biologicznej oraz ekosystemów w Unii Europejskiej. Artykuł stanowi próbę wykazania konieczności odejścia od koncepcji ochrony przyrody, skupiającej się na zachowaniu pojedynczych tworów i elementów 
natury, na rzecz podejścia holistycznego. Aby powstrzymać degradację środowiska naturalnego, coraz większą uwagę zwraca się na odbudowę przyrody. W artykule omówiono następnie przykład unijnego rozporządzenia dotyczącego odbudowy przyrody (Nature Restoration Law), które odchodzi od sektorowego podejścia w obszarze ochrony różnorodności biologicznej/bioróżnorodności (ochrony przyrody) na rzecz podejścia uwzględniającego wyzwania horyzontalne.]

PDF (Angielski)

Bibliografia

  1. 2050 Long-term Strategy. Striving to Become the World’s First Climate-neutral Continent by 2050, https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/climate-strategies-targets/2050-long-term-strategy_en [access: 18.07.2025].
  2. Allison S.K., Murphy S.D. (eds), Routledge Handbook of Ecological and Environmental Restoration, Routledge, London 2017.
  3. Anker K., Burdon P.D., Garver G., Maloney M., Sbert C., From Environmental Law to Ecological Law, Routledge, London 2021.
  4. Balias G., The Appropriate Assessment under the European Habitats Directive: Interplay Between Science, Law, and Policy, “Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy” 2018, vol. 21, no. 4, p. 281–306.
  5. Baran M., Pytanie o potrzebę zmiany paradygmatu w prawie (ochrony) środowiska: środowisko jako przedmiot czy podmiot prawa – wybrane uwagi [Question About the Need for a Paradigm Shift in Environmental (Protection) Law: The Environment as an Object or Subject of Law – Selected Comments], in: M. Baran, B. Iwańska, I. Przybojewska (eds), Prawa i interesy w ochronie środowiska. Perspektywa międzynarodowa, unijna i krajowa [Rights and Interests in Environmental Protection. International, EU, and National Perspectives], C.H. Beck, Warsaw 2024, p. 119–154.
  6. Baran M., Towards EU Nature Restoration Law: A Boost for Biodiversity and Climate?, in: A. Sikora, I. Kawka (eds), The European Green Deal and the Impact of Climate Change on the EU Regulatory Framework: Searching for Coherence, Presses universitaires Saint-Louis, Bruxelles 2024, p. 113–140.
  7. Bechtel D., The New EU Climate Law: Symbolic Law or New Governance Framework, https://verfassungsblog.de/the-new-eu-climate-law/ [accessed: 18 July 2025].
  8. Biscosi M., From Natura to Nature Restoration. The Ecological Objective of the Green Deal at the Legal Litmus Test, in: E. Chiti, A. Giorgi (eds), Ecological Sustainability and the Law the European Green Deal and the New Frontiers of Sustainability, Routledge, London 2025, p. 149–170.
  9. Bosselmann K., The Rule of Law Grounded in the Earth: Ecological Integrity as a Grundnorm, in: L. Westra, M. Vilela (eds), The Earth Charter, Ecological Integrity and Social Movements, Routledge, London 2014, p. 3–12.
  10. Búrca G. de, Scott J. (eds), Law and New Governance in the EU and the US, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2006.
  11. Cashman L., Ensuring Compliance: Regulatory Regimes under the EU Nature Directives, in: A.L.R. Jackson (ed.), Nature Law and Policy in Europe, Routledge, London 2023, p. 47–72.
  12. Chiti E., Ecosystem Restoration and EU Law: An Introduction to the Symposium, “European Law Open” 2024, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 175–179.
  13. Chiti E., Giorgi A., Sustainability in Transition, in: E. Chiti, A. Giorgi (eds), Ecological Sustainability and the Law the European Green Deal and the New Frontiers of Sustainability, Routledge, London 2025, p. 1–28.
  14. Chiti E., Managing the Ecological Transition of the EU: The European Green Deal as Regulatory Process, “Common Market Law Review” 2022, vol. 59, no. 1, p. 19–48.
  15. Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems – Summary for Policymakers, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva 2019, https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2019/08/4.-SPM_Approved_Microsite_FINAL.pdf [access: 31.07.2025].
  16. Cliquet A., Aragão A., Meertens M., Schoukens H., Decleer K., The Negotiation Process of the EU Nature Restoration Law Proposal: Bringing Nature Back in Europe Against the Backdrop of Political Turmoil?, “Restoration Ecology” 2024, vol. 32, no. 5, p. 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14158.
  17. Cliquet A., Backes C., Harris J., Howsam P., Adaptation to Climate Change: Legal Challenges for Protected Areas, “Utrecht Law Review” 2009, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 158–175.
  18. Cliquet A., Decleer K., Schoukens H., Restoring Nature in the EU: The Only Way is Up?, in: C.-H. Born, A. Cliquet, H. Schoukens, D. Misonne, G. Van Hoorick (eds), The Habitats Directive in its EU Environmental Law Context: European Nature’s Best Hope?, Routledge, London 2015, p. 265–284.
  19. Cliquet A., EU Nature Conservation Law: Fit for Purpose, in: M. Peeters, M. Eliantonio (eds), Research Handbook on EU Environmental Law, Edward Elgar Publishing, London 2020, p. 265–279.
  20. Cliquet A., International and European Law on Protected Areas and Climate Change: Need for Adaptation or Implementation?, “Environmental Management” 2014, vol. 54, p. 720–731.
  21. Cliquet A., Linkages Between Biodiversity and Climate Change. Twin Crises Need Twin Solutions, in: E. Cocciolo, J. Jaria-Manzano, A. De la Varga-Pastor, M. Marques-Banque (eds), Rethinking Environmental Law. Connectivity, Intersections and Conflicts in the Global Environmental Crisis, Intersentia, Cambridge 2024, p. 9–39.
  22. Cocciolo E., Jaria-Manzano J., De la Varga-Pastor A., Marques-Banque M., Introduction: Rethinking Environmental Law, in: E. Cocciolo, J. Jaria-Manzano, A. De la Varga-Pastor, M. Marques-Banque (eds), Connectivity, Intersections and Conflicts in the Global Environmental Crisis, Intersentia, Cambridge 2024, p. 1–8.
  23. Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2021/2139 of 4 June 2021 supplementing Regulation (EU) 2020/852 of the European Parliament and of the Council by establishing the technical screening criteria for determining the conditions under which an economic activity qualifies as contributing substantially to climate change mitigation or climate change adaptation and for determining whether that economic activity causes no significant harm to any of the other environmental objectives, OJ L 442, 9.12.2021, p. 1–349.
  24. Commission notice Guidance document on the strict protection of animal species of Community interest under the Habitats Directive, C/2021/7301 final, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=intcom:C%282021%297301 [access: 28.09.2025].
  25. Commission Staff Working Document, Fitness check of the EU Nature Legislation (Birds and Habitats Directives) Directive 2009/147/EC on the conservation of wild birds and Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora, Brussels, 16.12.2016, SWD(2016) 472 final, https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/2017-01/swd-2016-472-final_en.pdf [access: 19.09.2025].
  26. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Our life insurance, our natural capital: an EU biodiversity strategy to 2020, COM/2011/244 final, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:52011DC0244 [access: 14.07.2025].
  27. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, The European Green Deal, COM/2019/640 final, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/PL/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52019DC0640&from=EN [access: 14.07.2025].
  28. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030: Bringing nature back into our lives, COM/2020/380 final, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:52020DC0380 [access: 14.07.2025].
  29. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, The Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee, New EU Forest Strategy for 2030, COM/2021/572 final, https://commission.europa.eu/document/cf3294e1-8358-4c93-8de4-3e1503b95201_en [access: 18.07.2025].
  30. Connecting Biodiversity and Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: Report of the Second Ad Hoc Technical Expert Group on Biodiversity and Climate Change, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal 2009, https://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/cbd-ts-41-en.pdf [access: 14.07.2025].
  31. Council Directive 79/409/EEC of 2 April 1979 on the conservation of wild birds, OJ L 103, 25.04.1979, p. 1–18.
  32. Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora, OJ L 206, 22.07.1992, p. 7–60.
  33. Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 of 9 December 1996 on the protection of species of wild fauna and flora by regulating trade therein, OJ L 61, 3.03.1997, p. 1–69.
  34. Derogations from the Protection of Birds. Under the EU Birds Directive, the Bern Convention and the African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement, BirdLife International, Bruxelles 2020, https://www.birdlife.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/report-eu-derogations-protection-birds-directive-bern-convention.pdf [access: 19.09.2025].
  35. Devis A., Change of Paradigm in EU Environmental Law: Does the Climate Crisis Now ‘Override’ the Biodiversity Crisis?, https://www.europeanlawblog.eu/pub/l74pacq5/release/4 [access: 31.07.2025].
  36. Díaz S., Settele J., Brondízio E.S., Ngo H.T., Guèze M., Agard J., Arneth A., Balvanera P., Brauman K.A., Butchart S.H.M., Chan K.M.A., Garibaldi L.A., Liu K.I.J., Subramanian S.M., Midgley G.F., Miloslavich P., Molnár Z., Obura D., Pfaff A., Polasky S., Purvis A., Razzaque J., Reyers B., Roy Chowdhury R., Shin Y.J., Visseren-Hamakers I.J., Willis K.J., Zayas C.N., Summary for Policymakers of the Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Paris 2019.
  37. Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy, OJ L 327, 22.12.2000, p. 1–73.
  38. Directive 2008/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 establishing a framework for community action in the field of marine environmental policy, OJ L 164, 25.06.2008, p. 19–40.
  39. Directive 2009/147/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on the conservation of wild birds, OJ L 20, 26.01.2012, p. 7–25.
  40. Doussan I., Schoukens H., Biodiversity and Agriculture: Greening the CAP Beyond the Status Quo, in: C.-H. Born, A. Cliquet, H. Schoukens, D. Misonne, G. Van Hoorick (eds), The Habitats Directive in its EU Environmental Law Context: European Nature’s Best Hope?, Routledge, London 2015, p. 437–451.
  41. Fermeglia M., Pedrosa K., Planning for Citizens’ Health: Towards an Integrated Approach to Air and Noise Pollution in the EU, “Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law” 2022, vol. 19, no. 1–2, p. 9–30.
  42. Fisher L., Challenges for the EU Climate Change Regime, “German Law Journal” 2020, vol. 21, no. 1, p. 5–9.
  43. García-Ureta A., EU Biodiversity Law: Wild Birds and Habitats Directives, Europa Law Publishing, Zupten 2020.
  44. Garcia-Ureta A., Lazkano I., Instruments for Active Site Management Under Natura 2000: Balancing Between Stakeholders and Nature Conservation?, in: C.-H. Born, A. Cliquet, H. Schoukens, D. Misonne, G. Van Hoorick (eds), The Habitats Directive in its EU Environmental Law Context: European Nature’s Best Hope?, Routledge, London 2015, p. 71–92.
  45. Garver G., The Rule of Ecological Law: The Legal Complement to Degrowth Economics, “Sustainability” 2013, vol, 5, no. 1, p. 316–337.
  46. Guidance document on the strict protection of animal species of Community interest under the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC, European Union Publications Office, Luxembourg 2007, https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/1059d053-7082-421a-9bdc-54b2749c16c7/language-en [access: 21.07.2025].
  47. Gunningham N., Holley C., Next Generation Environmental Regulation: Law, Regulation and Governance, “Annual Review of Law and Social Science” 2016, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 273–293.
  48. Gunningham N., The New Collaborative Environmental Governance: The Localization of Regulation, “Journal of Law and Society” 2009, vol. 36, no. 1, p. 145–166.
  49. Habitats and Species: Latest Status and Trends, https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/at-a-glance/nature/state-of-nature-in-europe-a-health-check/habitats-andspecies-latest-status-and-trends [access: 18.07.2025].
  50. Hoek N., A Critical Analysis of the Proposed EU Regulation on Nature Restoration: Have the Problems Been Resolved?, “European Energy and Environmental Law Review” 2022, vol. 31, no. 5, p. 320–333.
  51. Hoorick G. Van, Biodiversity outside protected areas: an outlaw waiting to be saved? [in:] C.-H. Born. A. Cliquet, H. Schoukens, D. Misonne, G. Van Hoorick (eds), The Habitats Directive in its EU Environmental Law Context: European Nature’s Best Hope?, Routledge, London 2015, p. 452–468.
  52. Jen S., The Effectiveness of EU Nature Legislation: A Long Battle to Secure Supporting Sectoral Policies, in: S. Maljean-Dubois, The Effectiveness of Environmental Law, Intersentia, Cambridge, 2017, p. 221–240.
  53. Judgment of the CJ of 10 January 2006, Case C-98/03, Commission of the European Communities v Federal Republic of Germany, EU:C:2006:529.
  54. Judgment of the CJ of 10 May 2007, Case C-508/04, Commission of the European Communities v Republic of Austria, EU:C:2007:274.
  55. Judgment of the CJ of 10 November 2016, Case C-504/14 European Commission v Hellenic Republic, EU:C:2016:847.
  56. Judgment of the CJ of 10 October 2019, Case C-674/17, Luonnonsuojeluyhdistys Tapiola Pohjois-Savo – Kainuu ry v Risto Mustonen and Others, EU:C:2019:851.
  57. Judgment of the CJ of 11 April 2013, Case C-258/11, Peter Sweetman and Others v An Bord Pleanála, EU:C:2013:220.
  58. Judgment of the CJ of 13 December 2007, Case C-418/04, Commission of the European Communities v Ireland, EU:C:2007:780.
  59. Judgment of the CJ of 14 January 2010, Case C-226/08, Stadt Papenburg v Bundesrepublik Deutschland, EU:C:2010:19.
  60. Judgment of the CJ of 14 January 2016, Case C-399/14, Grüne Liga Sachsen eV and Others v Freistaat Sachsen, EU:C:2016:10, para 73.
  61. Judgment of the CJ of 14 June 2007, Case C-342/05, Commission of the European Communities v Republic of Finland, EU:C:2007:341.
  62. Judgment of the CJ of 14 September 2006, Case C-244/05, Bund Naturschutz in Bayern eV and Others v Freistaat Bayern, EU:C:2006:579.
  63. Judgment of the CJ of 15 May 2014, Case C-521/12, T.C. Briels and Others v Minister van Infrastructuur en Milieu, EU:C:2014:330.
  64. Judgment of the CJ of 17 April 2018, Case C-441/17, European Commission v Republic of Poland, EU:C:2018:255.
  65. Judgment of the CJ of 18 May 2006, Case C-221/04, Commission of the European Communities v Kingdom of Spain, EU:C:2006:329.
  66. Judgment of the CJ of 20 October 2005, Case C-6/04, Commission of the European Communities v United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, EU:C:2005:613.
  67. Judgment of the CJ of 24 November 2011, Case C-404/09, European Commission v Kingdom of Spain, EU:C:2011:768.
  68. Judgment of the CJ of 30 January 2002, Case C-103/00, Commission of the European Communities v Hellenic Republic, EU:C:2002:60.
  69. Judgment of the CJ of 7 September 2004, Case C-127/02, Landelijke Vereniging tot Behoud van de Waddenzee and Nederlandse Vereniging tot Bescherming van Vogels v Staatssecretaris van Landbouw, Natuurbeheer en Visserij, EU:C:2004:482.
  70. Kovc M., Hladni D., Kutnar L., Biodiversity in Natura 2000 Forest Habitats is Not Static: Its Conservation Calls for an Active Management Approach, “Journal for Nature Conservation” 2018, vol. 43, p. 250–260.
  71. Krämer L., Planning for Climate and the Environment: the EU Green Deal, “Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law” 2020, vol. 17, no. 3, p. 267–306.
  72. Kulovesi K., Oberthür S., Asselt H. van, Savaresi A., The European Climate Law: Strengthening EU Procedural Climate Governance?, “Journal of Environmental Law 2024, vol. 36, no. 1, p. 23–42.
  73. Lafferty W.M., Hovden E., Environmental Policy Integration: Towards and Analytical Framework, “Environmental Politics” 2003, vol. 12, no. 3, p. 1–22.
  74. Lees E., Pedersen O.W., Restoring the Regulated: The EU’s Nature Restoration Law, “Journal of Environmental Law” 2025, vol. 37, no. 1, p. 75–96.
  75. Leeuw B.J. de, Backes C., The Non-Deterioration Obligation in the Nature Restoration Regulation – a Necessary and Proportionate Addition to the Habitats Directive or a Monstrosity with Disastrous Consequences for Society?, “Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law” 2024, vol. 21, no. 1, p. 22–40.
  76. Luk S., Gregerson S., Marine Species Protection and Management in the European Union: Who Will Save our Dolphins?, in: C.-H. Born, A. Cliquet, H. Schoukens, D. Misonne, G. Van Hoorick (eds), The Habitats Directive in its EU Environmental Law Context: European Nature’s Best Hope?, Routledge, London 2015, p. 399–416.
  77. Managing Natura 2000 Sites: The Provisions of Article 6 of the ‘Habitats’ Directive 92/43/EEC, European Union Publications Office, Luxembourg 2000, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=oj:JOC_2019_033_R_0001 [access: 15.09.2025].
  78. Μorgera E., Geelhoed M., Ntona M., European Environmental Law, in: E. Techera, J. Lindley, K.N. Scott, A. Telesetsky (eds), Routledge Handbook of International Environmental Law, Routledge, London 2020, p. 234–247.
  79. Morgera E., International Environmental Law: A Case for Transformative Change through the Lens of Children’s Human Rights, “Environmental Policy and Law” 2024, vol. 53, no. 5–6, p. 307–319.
  80. Morgera E., The Trajectory of EU Biodiversity Cooperation: Supporting Environmental Multilateralism through EU External Action, in: E. Morgera (ed.), The External Environmental Policy of the European Union, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2012, p. 235–259.
  81. Natura 2000 Barometer, http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/barometer/index_en.htm [access: 28.02.2025].
  82. Natura 2000 Network’s Contribution to Good Status, https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/at-a-glance/nature/state-of-nature-in-europe-a-health-check/natura2000-networks-contribution-to-good-status [access: 15.09.2025].
  83. Oberthür S., Homeyer I. von, From Emissions Trading to the European Green Deal: The Evolution of the Climate Policy Mix and Climate Policy Integration in the EU, “Journal of European Public Policy” 2023, vol. 30, no. 2, p. 1–24.
  84. Onida M., The “Do Not (Significantly) Harm” Principle, in: K. de Graaf, B. Marseille, S. Prechal, R. Widdershoven, H. Winter (eds), Liber amicorum Jan Jans, Uitgeverij Paris, Zutphen 2021, p. 45–52 .
  85. Oosterhuis F., Peeters M., Limits to International in Pollution Prevention and Control, in: M.G.W.M. Peeters, R. Uylenburg (eds), EU Environmental Legislation: Legal Perspectives on Regulatory Strategies, Edward Elgar Publishing, London 2014, p. 91–115.
  86. Orlando E., The Evolution of EU Legislation and Policy in the Environmental Field: Achievements and Current Challenges, in: C. Bakker, F. Francioni (eds) The EU, the US and Global Climate Governance, Routledge, London 2014, p. 61–81.
  87. Pascucci L., Nature Restoration Law: Reshaping Sustainable Development?, in: E. Chiti, A. Giorgi (eds), Ecological Sustainability and the Law the European Green Deal and the New Frontiers of Sustainability, Routledge, London 2025, p. 171–182.
  88. Peeters M., EU Climate Law: Largely Uncharted Legal Territory, “Climate Law” 2019, vol. 9, no. 1–22, p. 137–147.
  89. Penca J., Tănăsescu M., The Transformative Potential of the EU’s Nature Restoration Law, “Sustainability Science” 2025, vol. 20, no. 1, p. 643–647.
  90. Pérez de las Heras B., European Climate Law(s): Assessing the Legal Path to Climate Neutrality, “Romanian Journal of European Affairs” 2021, vol. 21, no. 1, p. 19–32.
  91. Petersmann M., Reordering the European Ground-Regrounding the European Legal Order?, “European Law Open” 2024 vol. 3, no. 1, p. 180–189.
  92. Pörtner H.O., Scholes R.J., Arneth A., Barnes D.K.A., Burrows M.T., Diamond S.E., Duarte C.M., Kiessling W., Leadley P., Managi S., McElwee P., Midgley G., Ngo H.T., Obura D., Pascual U., Sankaran M., Shin Y.J., Val A.L., Overcoming the Coupled Climate and Biodiversity Crises and Their Societal Impacts, “Science” 2023, vol. 380, no. 6642, p. 1–12.
  93. Regulation (EU) 2020/852 of the European Parliament and Council of 18 June 2020 on the establishment of a framework to facilitate sustainable investment, and amending Regulation (EU) 2019/2088, OJ L 198, 22.06.2020, p. 13–43.
  94. Regulation (EU) 2021/1119 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 June 2021 establishing the framework for achieving climate neutrality and amending Regulations (EC) No 401/2009 and (EU) 2018/1999 (European Climate Law), OJ L 243, 9.07.2021, p. 1–17.
  95. Regulation (EU) 2024/1991 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 June 2024 on nature restoration and amending Regulation (EU) 2022/869, OJ L 2024/1991, 29.07.2024.
  96. Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species, OJ L 317, 4.11.2014, p. 35–55.
  97. Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council, On the Implementation of the Environmental Noise Directive, COM/2017/151 final, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52017DC0151 [access: 18.07.2025].
  98. Romao C., The Added Value of the Habitats Directive: Is Biodiversity Better Protected Since the Directive Entered into Force?, in: C.-H. Born. A. Cliquet, H. Schoukens, D. Misonne, G. Van Hoorick (eds), The Habitats Directive in its EU Environmental Law Context: European Nature’s Best Hope?, Routledge, London 2015, p. 21–28.
  99. Sadeleer N. de, Habitats Conservation in EC Law – From Nature Sanctuaries to Ecological Networks, “Yearbook of European Environmental Law” 2005, vol. 5, p. 215–252.
  100. Sbert C., The Lens of Ecological Law: A look at Mining, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham 2020.
  101. Schmidt-Aßmann E., Ogólne prawo administracyjne jako idea porządku [General Administrative Law as an Idea of Order], C.H. Beck, Warsaw 2011.
  102. Schoukens H., Bastmeijer K., Species Protection in the European Union: How Strict is Strict? in: C.-H. Born, A. Cliquet, H. Schoukens, D. Misonne, G. Van Hoorick (eds), The Habitats Directive in its EU Environmental Law Context: European Nature’s Best Hope?, Routledge, London 2015, p. 121–146.
  103. Schoukens H., Dotinga H., Natura 2000 and Fisheries: A Question of Competence or Willingness, in: C.-H. Born, A. Cliquet, H. Schoukens, D. Misonne, G. Van Hoorick (eds), The Habitats Directive in its EU Environmental Law Context: European Nature’s Best Hope?, Routledge, London 2015,
  104. p. 375–398.
  105. Sikora A., Constitutionalisation of Environmental Protection Law in EU Law, Europa Law Publishing, Zutphen 2020.
  106. Sikora-Kaléda A., Rights in the Era of Climate Change Contemplating the Limits of Human Rights as Instruments of Pressure for the Planetary Cause, in: A. Sikora-Kaléda, I. Kawka (eds), Rights in the Era of a Climate Change: Contemplating the Limits of Human Rights as Instruments of Pressure for the Planetary Cause, Księgarnia Akademicka, Cracow 2025, p. 9–45.
  107. Sobotta C., Species Protection in the Environmental Assessment-Assembling the Puzzle, “Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law” 2013, vol. 10, no. 3, p. 233–249.
  108. Sobotta C., The Impact of Species Protection on Land-use Planning Via the Environmental Assessment: Towards a More Proactive Approach?, in: C.-H. Born, A. Cliquet, H. Schoukens, D. Misonne, G. Van Hoorick (eds), The Habitats Directive in its EU Environmental Law Context: European Nature’s Best Hope?, Routledge, London 2015, p. 147–159.
  109. Sobotta C., The Margin of Appreciation When Applying Article 6(3) and (4) of the Habitats Directive, in: A.L.R. Jackson (ed), Nature Law and Policy in Europe, Routledge, London 2023, p. 73–90.
  110. Stahl L., The Concept of ‘Conservation Objectives’ in the Habitats Directive: A Need for a Better Definition?, Routledge, London 2014.
  111. State of Nature in the EU. Results from Reporting Under the Nature directives 2013–2018, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg 2020, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/state-of-nature-in-the-eu-2020 [access: 18.07.2025].
  112. Tegner Anker H., Egelund Olsen B., EU Species Protection Law and Wind Energy: Current Challenges and Danish Experiences, “European Energy and Environmental Law Review” 2023, vol. 32, no. 1, p. 36–46.
  113. Telesetsky A., Cliquet A., Akhtar-Khavari A., Ecological Restoration in International Environmental Law, Routledge, London 2017.
  114. The EU Nature Restoration Law: Providing Legal Certainty in Tackling the Biodiversity and Climate Crisis, https://chapter.ser.org/europe/ [access: 18.07.2025].
  115. The European Environment State and Outlook 2015. Synthesis Report, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg 2015, https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/Co-Europe-Env-035.pdf [access: 19.09.2025].
  116. The Habitats Directive, https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/nature-andbiodiversity/habitats-directive_en [access: 19.09.2025].
  117. Trouwborst A., Conserving European Biodiversity in a Changing Climate: The Bern Convention, the European Union Birds and Habitats Directives and the Adaptation of Nature to Climate Change, “Review of European Community and International Environmental Law” 2011 vol. 20, no. 1, p. 62–77.
  118. Trouwborst A., International Nature Conservation Law and the Adaptation of Biodiversity to Climate Change: a Mismatch?, “Journal of Environmental Law” 2009, vol. 21, no. 3, p. 419–442.
  119. Trouwborst A., The Habitats Directive and Climate Change: Is the Law Climate Proof?, in: C. Born, A. Cliquet, H. Schoukens, D. Misonne, G. van Hoorick (eds), The Habitats Directive in its EU Environmental Law Context: European Nature’s Best Hope?, Routledge, London 2014, p. 303–324.
  120. Trouwborst A., Waking up Bats, Hazing Wolves and Draining Snake Lakes – Exploring the EU Habitats Directive’s Prohibition of “Deliberate Disturbance”, “Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law” 2023, vol. 20, no. 3–4, p. 217–235.
  121. Tucker G., Conclusions, Lessons Learnt and Implications for the Future, in: G. Tucker (ed.), Nature Conservation in Europe: Approaches and Lessons, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2023, p. 106–141.
  122. Tucker G., Europe’s Nature and Conservation Needs, in: G. Tucker (ed.) Nature Conservation in Europe: Approaches and Lessons, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2023, p. 13–40.
  123. Tucker G., Hart K., Farmer A., Dunn E., Baldock D., Nature Conservation Policy, Legislation and Funding in the EU, in: G. Tucker (ed.), Nature Conservation in Europe: Approaches and Lessons, Cambridge University Press, Oxford 2023, p. 59–105.