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Vol. 44 (2024)
General Articles

The Effectiveness of the European Approach to Irregular Migration – A Legal-economic Assessment

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  • Raquel Cardoso,
  • Vasil Pavlov
Raquel Cardoso
University Lusíada – Porto
Vasil Pavlov
University of National and World Economy

Published 2025-11-14

Keywords

  • migration,
  • effectiveness,
  • migration policy,
  • migrant smuggling,
  • externalisation

How to Cite

The Effectiveness of the European Approach to Irregular Migration – A Legal-economic Assessment. (2025). Polish Yearbook of International Law, 44, 287-319. https://doi.org/10.24425/PYIL.2025.156723

Abstract

There are few certainties in the field of migration. From the factors that 
drive migrants to flee their countries and the conditions they expect to find in the des
tination country to migrants’ flows, routes and methods, migration policy is constantly 
functioning within a field of uncertainty. Yet, the importance of better managing 
migration processes is becoming increasingly relevant due to the multiple factors that 
stimulate the international movement of people, such as conflict, political or economic 
instability or climate change. The uncertainty surrounding the European Union’s 
(EU) ability to manage migration has spurred a twofold approach: the criminali
sation of migrant smuggling (in an all-encompassing way) and the externalisation 
of migration policy through agreements with third countries. However, are these 
approaches effective, or should the EU consider alternative strategies to address the 
challenges posed by irregular migration? The purpose of this article is to evaluate 
the effectiveness of the EU’s policies on irregular migration, by exploring firstly the 
effectiveness of criminal law in deterring migrant smuggling and secondly the EU’s 
recent emphasis on externalisation. The consequences of both are examined in an effort 
to determine their effectiveness towards the objective. The article concludes with some 
suggestions for the way forward.

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